Holly老師的英語新天地

雅思閱讀想拿高分(甚至滿分!!) 的不二法門，除了學會課堂中有教授的重要技巧外，就是練習、練習、再練習！All in all, Practice makes Perfect.  ~  Let’s Roll!

Scientists Teach Chimpanzee to Speak English

Researchers have for the first time taught apes how to speak. Two animals, a pygmy chimp and an orangutan, have been able to hold conversations with humans.

The chimp, called Panbanisha, has a vocabulary of 3,000 words and talks through a computer that produces a synthetic voice as she presses symbols on a keyboard.

She now speaks constantly, constructing sentences ranging from, “Please can I have an iced coffee,” to discussing videos she has watched with the scientists who look after her at Georgia State University’s language research centre in Atlanta.

The 20-year-old orangutan, called Chantek, is a few miles away at Atlanta zoo where it, too, is learning to use a voice synthesiser—a skill it is expected to master quickly, since it already has a 2,000-word vocabulary in sign language.

Among its first spoken words, delivered Stephen Hawking-style, was the request to keepers: “Please buy me a hamburger.” Recently, it saved money paid to it in return for carrying out tasks and building artifacts, then told scientists in sign language: “I want to buy a pool,” because a heat wave was making life in the cage too uncomfortable.

The animals use a specially designed keypad with about 400 keys, each bearing a symbol. Some symbols have simple meanings such as “apple”; others represent more abstract concepts such as “give me,” “good,” “bad” or “help.”

The animals have to learn all the symbols and then construct sentences by pressing keys in the right order. The computer speaks the words and flashes them up on a screen. Recently Panbanisha, 14, has started writing words on the floor using chalk—apparently learning the letters from the computer screens.

Duane Rumbaugh, the university’s professor of psychology and biology, who is director of the centre, said tests suggested the animals had the language and cognitive skills of a four-year-old child.

Panbanisha has gone further than just learning to speak and read. She is teaching the same skills to her one-year-old son Nyota, who has developed a vocabulary similar to that of a one-year-old child. He cannot create sentences yet, but his early start means he may soon outstrip his mother. Apes could soon be talking to each other, and language skills could be passed from one generation to the next.

Panbanisha’s mother, Matata, cannot use the keyboard, so she tells Panbanisha, who then communicates her mother’s needs, such as: “Matata wants a banana.”

When the apes look reflective, they may be asked what is wrong. Sometimes they just reply: “I’m thinking about eating something,” or “I want to go to Campers Cavern (a location in their 55-acre site).”

Now Rumbaugh has been given a US government grant for a project to see if great apes can be given the power of true speech.

Until recently it had been thought they would never speak because their voice boxes could not produce the range of sounds used by humans.

Then researchers noticed that some animals were successfully copying human words and phrases. The sounds were distorted, but recognisable. A spokesman for the centre said: “Over time, our opinions of apes could change, and one day we may have to extend them human rights. Who knows, soon Panbanisha may voice an opinion on that.”

Questions

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage Two? Write:

YES                                if the statement agrees with the writer;

NO                          if the statement contradicts with the writer;

NOT GIVEN         if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.

1.      The chimp, Panbanisha, has a vocabulary of 3,000 English words.

2.      Two animals, a pygmy chimp and an orangutan, have little difficulty communicating with humans.

3.      Duane Rumbaugh said tests suggested the animals had the intelligence of a four-year-old child.

4.      Nyota has developed a vocabulary similar to that of a one-year-old child and can even create sentences of his own.

5.      Rumbaugh has been given a US government grant for his great achievement in his animal research.

1. __________  2. __________  3. __________  4. __________  5. __________

Answer Key: 1.NG   2.NG   3.NG    4.N    5.N